Several typologies have been proposed in the last 30 years some are simple and based on a single criterion, and others are more complex and based on statistical analysis. But other criteria have been used to capture features of resource generation and stewardship, such as health system actors, cost-sharing, medical technology, and decentralization. Most traditional criteria used are proxies of financing and delivery functions. The functions of the health system have been used as dimensions or criteria of classification of health systems. (c) Strategic purchasing or financing of the supply side means the way providers and purchasers establish an interaction and develop service delivery models. (b) Risk pooling refers to the management of financial resources in order to spread the risk from an individual to the pool of individuals, reducing in this way the overall risk for the system. (a) The collection of revenue may be done in different ways, and it includes general taxation, donor financing, mandatory payroll contributions, mandatory or voluntary risk-rated contributions (premiums), direct household out-of-pocket expenditures, and other forms of personal savings. (iv) Financing or funding which includes collecting revenues, pooling financial risk, and allocating revenue. This function is usually (but not always) a governmental responsibility, where the health priorities, the institutional framework, the activities that should be coordinated with other systems, and the information needed to support the decision-making process are set. (iii) Stewardship or overall system oversight which sets the context and policy framework for the overall health system. While some inputs may be gathered in short term after the investment, other resources may take a long time to obtain and train as the human resources. (ii) The generation of resources which implies not only their management, but also their creation. (i) The provision ( also referred as delivery) of health-care services which requires the management of resources and the creation of human resources, delivery of medications, medical services, and medical equipment. The functions of the health systems may be described as follows: The WHO proposes four functions of a health system which are (i) health service provision, (ii) health generation of resources (investment and training), (iii) stewardship, and (iv) health financing (collecting, pooling, and purchasing). These goals justify the functions of health systems themselves. The final goals of a health system are responsiveness to people’s expectations, social and financial risk and fair protection, and improved health the intermediate goals on their turn are improving access, improving coverage, delivering high quality and safe health services, promoting healthy behavior, and improving efficiency. These goals are both final and intermediate. The WHO definition implicitly considers the goals of a (national) health system. The definition of health system here is given as “a system of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intentions are to promote, restore or maintain health,” which includes efforts to influence determinants of health, as well as more direct health-improving activities. The most widely accepted definition was published in 2007 in the report “Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action, 2007”. Several definitions have been proposed, either by single authors (such as Weinerman and Long ) or by institutions (such as the World Bank and WHO ). The definition of health system has evolved over time since Alma Ata Declaration in 1978. These organized arrangements constitute the health system of each country. European countries display diversified arrangements to provide health care, to finance, and to cover health insurance expenditures.
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